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DeepSeek, China, OpenAI, NVIDIA, xAI, TSMC, Stargate, and AI Megaclusters | Lex Fridman Podcast #459

3 February 2025

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Dylan's X: https://x.com/dylan522p
SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/
Nathan's X: https://x.com/natolambert
Nathan's Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/
Nathan's Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast
Nathan's Website: https://www.natolambert.com/
Nathan's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert
Nathan's Book: https://rlhfbook.com/

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
3:33 - DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3
25:07 - Low cost of training
51:25 - DeepSeek compute cluster
58:57 - Export controls on GPUs to China
1:09:16 - AGI timeline
1:18:41 - China's manufacturing capacity
1:26:36 - Cold war with China
1:31:05 - TSMC and Taiwan
1:54:44 - Best GPUs for AI
2:09:36 - Why DeepSeek is so cheap
2:22:55 - Espionage
2:31:57 - Censorship
2:44:52 - Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL
2:55:23 - OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1
3:14:31 - NVIDIA
3:18:58 - GPU smuggling
3:25:36 - DeepSeek training on OpenAI data
3:36:04 - AI megaclusters
4:11:26 - Who wins the race to AGI?
4:21:39 - AI agents
4:30:21 - Programming and AI
4:37:49 - Open source
4:47:01 - Stargate
4:54:30 - Future of AI

*PODCAST LINKS:*
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Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America | Lex Fridman Podcast #458

27 January 2025

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Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Marc's X: https://x.com/pmarca
Marc's Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com
Marc's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z
Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
1:09 - Best possible future
10:32 - History of Western Civilization
19:51 - Trump in 2025
27:32 - TDS in tech
40:19 - Preference falsification
56:15 - Self-censorship
1:11:18 - Censorship
1:19:57 - Jon Stewart
1:22:43 - Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan
1:31:32 - Government pressure
1:42:19 - Nature of power
1:55:08 - Journalism
2:00:43 - Bill Ackman
2:05:40 - Trump administration
2:13:19 - DOGE
2:27:11 - H1B and immigration
3:05:05 - Little tech
3:17:25 - AI race
3:26:15 - X
3:29:47 - Yann LeCun
3:33:21 - Andrew Huberman
3:34:53 - Success
3:37:49 - God and humanity

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Jennifer Burns: Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, Economics, Capitalism, Freedom | Lex Fridman Podcast #457

20 January 2025

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Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript

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Jennifer's Books:
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Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
0:48 - Milton Friedman
15:41 - The Great Depression
29:58 - Schools of economic thought
41:05 - Keynesian economics
48:53 - Laissez-faire
56:43 - Friedrich Hayek
1:02:01 - Money and monetarism
1:16:46 - Stagflation
1:21:39 - Moral case for capitalism
1:25:35 - Freedom
1:30:34 - Ethics of competition
1:34:20 - Win-win solutions
1:36:09 - Corruption
1:38:33 - Government intervention
1:44:53 - Conservatism
1:51:16 - Donald Trump
1:53:52 - Inflation
1:58:21 - DOGE
2:03:40 - Javier Milei
2:08:46 - Richard Nixon
2:16:00 - Ronald Reagan
2:19:07 - Cryptocurrency
2:34:23 - Ayn Rand
2:42:01 - The Fountainhead
2:53:41 - Sex and power dynamics
3:09:47 - Evolution of ideas in history
3:17:15 - Postmodernism
3:28:16 - Advice to students
3:36:32 - Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview

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Volodymyr Zelenskyy: Ukraine, War, Peace, Putin, Trump, NATO, and Freedom | Lex Fridman Podcast #456

6 January 2025

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Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. This episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
President Zelenskyy's X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa
President Zelenskyy's Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official
President Zelenskyy's Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
3:29 - Introductory words from Lex
13:55 - Language
23:44 - World War II
40:32 - Invasion on Feb 24, 2022
47:07 - Negotiating Peace
1:07:24 - NATO and security guarantees
1:20:17 - Sitting down with Putin and Trump
1:39:47 - Compromise and leverage
1:45:15 - Putin and Russia
1:55:07 - Donald Trump
2:05:39 - Martial Law and Elections
2:17:58 - Corruption
2:26:44 - Elon Musk
2:30:47 - Trump Inauguration on Jan 20
2:33:55 - Power dynamics in Ukraine
2:37:27 - Future of Ukraine
2:42:09 - Choice of language
2:51:39 - Podcast prep and research process
3:00:04 - Travel and setup
3:05:51 - Conclusion

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Adam Frank: Alien Civilizations and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life | Lex Fridman Podcast #455

23 December 2024

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Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
1:58 - Planet formation
7:08 - Plate tectonics
14:30 - Extinction events
18:41 - Biosphere
21:39 - Technosphere
25:53 - Emergence of intelligence
32:06 - Drake equation
36:20 - Exoplanets
39:04 - Habitable zones
42:06 - Fermi Paradox
51:04 - Alien civilizations
1:00:32 - Colonizing Mars
1:12:48 - Search for aliens
1:29:13 - Alien megastructures
1:35:19 - Kardashev scale
1:40:32 - Detecting aliens
1:47:14 - Warp drives
1:53:21 - Cryogenics
1:56:39 - What aliens look like
2:05:24 - Alien contact
2:16:29 - UFO sightings
2:28:14 - Physics of life
2:54:05 - Nature of time
3:10:29 - Cognition
3:14:53 - Mortality

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Saagar Enjeti: Trump, MAGA, DOGE, Obama, FDR, JFK, History & Politics | Lex Fridman Podcast #454

9 December 2024

View transcript

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Saagar's Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar's Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar's X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar's Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints
The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
5:06 - Why Trump won
10:07 - Book recommendations
13:44 - History of wokeism
21:13 - History of Scots-Irish
27:51 - Biden
31:54 - FDR
33:55 - George W Bush
36:18 - LBJ
41:35 - Cuban Missile Crisis
49:07 - Immigration
1:21:06 - DOGE
1:47:46 - MAGA ideology
1:50:58 - Bernie Sanders
1:59:20 - Obama vs Trump
2:16:19 - Nancy Pelosi
2:19:34 - Kamala Harris
2:35:19 - 2020 Election
2:59:08 - Sam Harris
3:10:15 - UFOs
3:16:06 - Future of the Republican Party
3:22:43 - Future of the Democratic Party
3:30:41 - Hope

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Javier Milei: President of Argentina - Freedom, Economics, and Corruption | Lex Fridman Podcast #453

20 November 2024

View transcript

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Update: 3rd Audio Track with Original Audio:*
I've added a 3rd audio track with the original audio, with Lex speaking English and Javier Milei speaking Spanish. To listen to it, please choose "English (United Kingdom)" audio track, by clicking on: Settings (Gear Icon), Audio Track, Choose: English (United Kingdom). So, "English (US)" is the fully english dubbed track, and "English (UK)" is the original bilingual track. For the latter, you can turn on subtitles as well. For now, this is the best I can do. I will work with the YouTube team to figure out a better solution. I tried really hard to make this conversation as accessible as possible to people who speak only English or Spanish. I'll keep trying to figure out how to do this better. Your feedback is deeply appreciated. Thank you for listening. I love you all! ❤

*Corrections/Clarifications in Translation:*
- The English translation at 23:23 says "fiscal deficit" when it should say "fiscal balance". We fixed the captions, transcript, and will try to fix the audio soon 🙏
- A few times "liberal" is mentioned. In most of the world (except US) that means "classical liberal" which in US is better understood as "libertarian".

*Switch between English & Spanish Versions:*
This podcast is translated and dubbed into Spanish. To switch between English & Spanish, click: Settings (Gear Icon) , Audio Track , Choose Language.

Thank you to ElevenLabs for their amazing help with translation & dubbing 🙏'

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Javier Milei's X: https://x.com/JMilei
Javier Milei's Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei
Javier Milei's Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista

*SPONSORS:*
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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
3:27 - Economic freedom
8:52 - Anarcho-capitalism
18:45 - Presidency and reforms
38:05 - Poverty
44:37 - Corruption
53:14 - Freedom
1:07:26 - Elon Musk
1:12:54 - DOGE
1:14:56 - Donald Trump
1:20:56 - US and Argentina relations
1:28:05 - Messi vs Maradona
1:36:58 - God
1:39:05 - Elvis and Rolling Stones
1:42:45 - Free market
1:49:46 - Loyalty
1:52:23 - Advice for young people
1:53:49 - Hope for Argentina

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Dario Amodei: Anthropic CEO on Claude, AGI & the Future of AI & Humanity | Lex Fridman Podcast #452

12 November 2024

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Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude's character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript

*CONTACT LEX:*
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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Claude: https://claude.ai
Anthropic's X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI
Anthropic's Website: https://anthropic.com
Dario's X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei
Dario's Website: https://darioamodei.com
Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace
Chris's X: https://x.com/ch402
Chris's Blog: https://colah.github.io
Amanda's X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell
Amanda's Website: https://askell.io

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
3:14 - Scaling laws
12:20 - Limits of LLM scaling
20:45 - Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta
26:08 - Claude
29:44 - Opus 3.5
34:30 - Sonnet 3.5
37:50 - Claude 4.0
42:02 - Criticism of Claude
54:49 - AI Safety Levels
1:05:37 - ASL-3 and ASL-4
1:09:40 - Computer use
1:19:35 - Government regulation of AI
1:38:24 - Hiring a great team
1:47:14 - Post-training
1:52:39 - Constitutional AI
1:58:05 - Machines of Loving Grace
2:17:11 - AGI timeline
2:29:46 - Programming
2:36:46 - Meaning of life
2:42:53 - Amanda Askell - Philosophy
2:45:21 - Programming advice for non-technical people
2:49:09 - Talking to Claude
3:05:41 - Prompt engineering
3:14:15 - Post-training
3:18:54 - Constitutional AI
3:23:48 - System prompts
3:29:54 - Is Claude getting dumber?
3:41:56 - Character training
3:42:56 - Nature of truth
3:47:32 - Optimal rate of failure
3:54:43 - AI consciousness
4:09:14 - AGI
4:17:52 - Chris Olah - Mechanistic Interpretability
4:22:44 - Features, Circuits, Universality
4:40:17 - Superposition
4:51:16 - Monosemanticity
4:58:08 - Scaling Monosemanticity
5:06:56 - Macroscopic behavior of neural networks
5:11:50 - Beauty of neural networks

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Rick Spence: CIA, KGB, Illuminati, Secret Societies, Cults & Conspiracies | Lex Fridman Podcast #451

31 October 2024

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Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sb
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript

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*EPISODE LINKS:*
Rick's Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence
Rick's Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
0:37 - KGB and CIA
14:54 - Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD
30:26 - CIA spies vs KGB spies
37:02 - Assassinations and mind control
43:56 - Jeffrey Epstein
50:48 - Bohemian Grove
1:02:42 - Occultism
1:13:53 - Nazi party and Thule society
1:54:11 - Protocols of the Elders of Zion
2:27:16 - Charles Manson
2:54:03 - Zodiac Killer
3:04:57 - Illuminati
3:12:21 - Secret societies

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Bernie Sanders Interview | Lex Fridman Podcast #450

24 October 2024

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Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate.
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See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

*Transcript:*
https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript

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Bernie's Instagram: https://instagram.com/berniesanders
Bernie's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@BernieSanders
Bernie's Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders

Bernie's Books:
It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3
Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4
Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf
Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u

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*OUTLINE:*
0:00 - Introduction
1:40 - MLK Jr
4:33 - Corruption in politics
15:50 - Healthcare in US
24:23 - 2016 election
30:21 - Barack Obama
36:16 - Capitalism
44:25 - Response to attacks
49:22 - AOC and progressive politics
57:13 - Mortality
59:20 - Hope for the future

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